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This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by or any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against. ( May 2018) YahtzeePlayers1+Playing time30 minutesRandom chanceHighSkill(s) required,Yahtzee is a made by (now owned by ), which was first marketed as Yatzie by the National Association Service of, in the early 1940s. Yatzie was included in a game set called LUCK - 15 Grand Dice Games. It was marketed under the name of Yahtzee by game entrepreneur in 1956.

Lowe is also responsible for introducing to the U.S. The game is a development of earlier dice games such as,.

It is also similar to, which is popular in.The objective of the game is to score points by rolling five to make certain combinations. The dice can be rolled up to three times in a turn to try to make various scoring combinations and dice must remain in the box. A game consists of thirteen rounds. After each round the player chooses which scoring category is to be used for that round. Once a category has been used in the game, it cannot be used again.

The scoring categories have varying point values, some of which are fixed values and others for which the score depends on the value of the dice. A Yahtzee is five-of-a-kind and scores 50 points, the highest of any category. The winner is the player who scores the most points.Yahtzee was marketed by the E.S. Lowe Company from 1956 until 1973. In 1973, the purchased the E.S.

Lowe Company and assumed the rights to produce and sell Yahtzee. During ownership over 40 million Yahtzee games were sold worldwide. The game has maintained its popularity. According to current owner, 50 million Yahtzee games are sold each year. A classic edition is currently being marketed. The Original 1956 Yahtzee Board GameThe overall concept of Yahtzee traces its roots to a number of traditional dice games.

Among these is the Puerto Rican game, the German game of and the English games of and Cheerio. Another game, Yap, shows close similarities to Yahtzee; this game was copyrighted by Robert Cissne in 1952.The most important predecessor of Yahtzee is the dice game named, which is an English cousin of Generala and dates back to at least 1938.

Wood classifies Yacht, and a similar three-dice game called, as sequence dice games. Yahtzee is similar to Yacht in both name and content. Although Yahtzee is clearly derived from Yacht, it differed from it in a number of significant ways:. It introduced the upper section bonus.

It included the three-of-a-kind category. In Yacht both straights are a sequence of five (Big Straight is 2-3-4-5-6, Little Straight is 1-2-3-4-5). Yahtzee introduced the sequence of four straight (the Small Straight). It introduced Yahtzee bonuses and the Joker rule. There were also a number of scoring differences.

Game logo As of 2012The present-day commercial Yahtzee began when toy and game entrepreneur filed Yahtzee as a trademark with the U.S.Patent Office on April 19, 1956. The first commercial usage of the name Yahtzee was a few weeks earlier on April 3. Lowe classified his product as a Poker Dice Game.According to, the game was invented by an anonymous Canadian couple, who called it The Yacht Game because they played it on their yacht with their friends. Later they asked Lowe if he would make up some sets to be given as gifts to their friends who enjoyed the game. Lowe perceived the possibility of marketing the game, and acquired the rights to the game from the couple in exchange for 1,000 gift sets.

This story is expanded by Lowe in the 1973 book A Toy is Born by Marvin Kaye. According to Lowe, the game did not initially do well commercially, since the rules and appeal were not easily conveyed in an advertisement. Eventually, he had the idea of organizing Yahtzee parties at which people could play the game and thereby gain a first-hand appreciation of it. The idea was successful, and enthusiasts quickly popularized the game through word of mouth.The E.S. Lowe Company sold Yahtzee from 1956 to 1973.

During Lowe's ownership, a number of changes were made to the game's packaging, contents, and appearance. Between 1956 and 1961, the game's advertising slogan was changed from 'The Game That Makes You Think While Having Fun' to 'The Fun Game That Makes Thinking Fun!' The game and its contents were copyrighted by Lowe in 1956, 1961, 1967, and 1972.

In 1973, purchased the E.S. Lowe Company and assumed the rights to produce and sell Yahtzee. During Lowe's ownership over 40 million Yahtzee games were sold in America and around the globe. The game has maintained its popularity. According to current owner, 50 million Yahtzee games are sold each year.Over time, the Yahtzee logo has taken several forms. The original version of the logo was used throughout the entire period that the game was produced solely by the Lowe company. After 1973, the logo changed various times.

This logo is found on the scorecards and the game box(es).Rules. Logo of the game as originally published in 1954. It includes a caricature of E. Lowe, the person responsible for the game's production.The game consists of a number of rounds. In each round, a player gets three rolls of the dice, although they can choose to end their turn after one or two rolls. After the first roll the player can save any dice they want and re-roll the other dice. This procedure is repeated after the second roll.

The player has complete choice as to which dice to roll. It is possible to re-roll both a die that was or was not rolled before.The Yahtzee scorecard contains 13 different category boxes and in each round, after the third roll, the player must choose one of these categories. The score entered in the box depends on how well the five dice match the scoring rule for the category. Details of the scoring rules for each category are given below.

As an example, one of the categories is called Three of a Kind. The scoring rule for this category means that a player only scores if at least three of the five dice are the same value. The game is completed after 13 rounds by each player, with each of the 13 boxes filled. The total score is calculated by summing all thirteen boxes, together with any bonuses.The Yahtzee scorecard contains 13 scoring boxes divided between two sections: the upper section and the lower section. Upper section In the upper section there are six boxes. Although Yahtzee is a commercial game with its own components (game set in upper image), the game can also be played with just five dice (such as the dice in the lower image), some pencils or pens and sheets of paper, and the knowledge of the rules and scoring categories.

Yahtzee bonuses and Joker rules A Yahtzee occurs when all five dice are the same. If a player throws a Yahtzee but the Yahtzee category has already been used, special rules apply.If the player throws a Yahtzee and has already filled the Yahtzee box with a score of 50, they score a Yahtzee bonus and get an extra 100 points. However, if they throw a Yahtzee and have filled the Yahtzee category with a score of 0, they do not get a Yahtzee bonus.In either case they then select a category, as usual. Scoring is the same as normal except that, if the Upper Section box corresponding to the Yahtzee has been used, the Full House, Small Straight and Large Straight categories can be used to score 25, 30 or 40 (respectively) even though the dice do not meet the normal requirement for those categories. In this case the Yahtzee is said to act as a 'Joker'.There are two alternative versions of the Joker rule used. Forced Joker rule In the official rules the player must act in the following way. If the corresponding Upper Section box is unused then that category must be used.

If the corresponding Upper Section box has been used already, a Lower Section box must be used. The Yahtzee acts as a Joker so that the Full House, Small Straight and Large Straight categories can be used to score 25, 30 or 40 (respectively). If the corresponding Upper Section box and all Lower Section boxes have been used an unused Upper Section box must be used, scoring 0.Free choice Joker rule In the simpler, alternative version of the Joker rule the player retains the free choice as to which category to use, but the Yahtzee can only be used as a Joker if the corresponding Upper Section box has been used. If the corresponding Upper Section box is unused the Yahtzee would score 0 if the Full House, Small Straight or Large Straight categories were chosen.

Original Joker rule The original game rules released in 1956 contain a difference from the above rules. The booklet stated that additional Yahtzees must be used as Jokers in the Lower Section and did not allow for their use in the Upper Section. This rule was changed when the game was re-copyrighted in 1961.The winner is the player with the highest total. The rules do not specify what happens in the event of a tie.

Strategies Completing a Yahtzee It is important to understand the probability of completing a Yahtzee. This depends on whether a particular Yahtzee is required or any Yahtzee.Specific Yahtzee The probability of completing a specific Yahtzee is shown in the following table.Number ofSame Di(c)eBefore FirstRollBefore SecondRollBefore ThirdRoll4-30.56%16.67%3-9.34%2.78%2-2.85%0.46%1-0.87%0.08%01.33%0.27%0.01%Any Yahtzee The probability of completing any Yahtzee is shown in the following table. The strategy is to keep any Yahtzee, four-of-a-kind, three-of-a-kind or pair that is thrown and re-roll the others. With two pairs, either can be chosen.Most AlreadyRolledBefore FirstRollBefore SecondRollBefore ThirdRoll4-30.56%16.67%3-9.34%2.78%2-2.91%0.46%1-1.26%0.08%04.60%-So if a three-of-a-kind is thrown on the first roll, the chance of completing a Yahtzee increases from 4.60% to 9.34%.Final round This section describes the last round strategy where there is no possibility of a Yahtzee bonus (i.e. There is a score of 0 in the Yahtzee box). These are the simplest situations to analyse, although even at this late stage the strategy may vary depending on the game situation.Upper Section box If the final box is in the upper section, the strategy is to keep any of the number required and re-roll the others.

On average 2.11 of the number required will be gotten, scoring from 2.11 (for 1s) to 12.64 (for 6s). The distribution is as follows:TotalProbabilityAt least 193.51%At least 269.88%At least 335.48%At least 410.44%51.33%Three-Of-A-Kind There are slightly different strategies depending on whether a player is simply just trying to get a three-of-a-kind or if they are trying to maximize their average score.

Different strategies will also be required should a specific target be needed to achieve.The strategy to maximize the chance of getting a three-of-a-kind involves keeping any three-of-a-kind that is rolled. If a three-of-a-kind is rolled then after the first throw the player should keep any other 5s and 6s, while after the second throw the player should keep any other 4s, 5s, and 6s. An example is with 22225 the player keeps 2225 and throws the other 2. If a three-of-a-kind is not rolled the player should keep any pair that is rolled and re-roll the other dice, with two pairs the player should keep the higher pair, and with no pair the player should keep the highest die. Following this strategy gives a 74.32% chance of getting a three-of-a-kind.This strategy does not maximize the average score since there are a few situations after the first throw, where it is better to keep other combinations.

For instance after throwing 11166, keeping 11166 maximizes the chance of getting a three-of-a-kind (a guaranteed score of 15) but keeping 66 maximizes the expected average score (17.54), although it introduces a 1/3 chance of scoring nothing. The situations where the strategy to maximize the average score differs are all after the first throw and are as follows: keep 33, 44, 55, 66 rather than 111 (or 11155, 11166), keep 4, 5 or 6 rather than 11, keep 5 or 6 rather than 22, keep 336 rather than 33. For example, with 22456 the player should keep 6 rather than 22 and with 33456 they should keep 336 not 33. If they follow the strategy to maximize the average score they will get a three-of-a-kind 71.51% of the time and score an average of 15.19.Four-Of-A-Kind As with three-of-a-kind there are slightly different strategies depending on whether a player is simply trying to get a four-of-a-kind or he is trying to maximize his average score. Different strategies will also be required should he need to achieve a specific target.The strategy to maximize his chance of getting a four-of-a-kind involves keeping any four-of-a-kind that he has. If he has a four-of-a-kind then after the first throw he will keep the other if it is a 5 and 6, while after the second throw he will keep it if it is a 4, 5 or 6. So that with 22223 he keeps 2222 and will throw the 3.

If he does not have a four-of-a-kind, the player should keep any three-of-a-kind or pair that he has and re-roll the other dice. With two pairs he will keep the higher pair. With no pair he will keep the highest die. Following this strategy gives him a 29.08% chance of getting a four-of-a-kind.As with three-of-a-kind this strategy does not maximize the average score since there are a few situations after the first throw, where it is better to keep other combinations.

For instance, after throwing 11166, keeping 111 maximizes the chance of getting a four-of-a-kind but keeping 66 maximizes the expected average score (6.20 rather than 4.18). The situations where the strategy to maximize the average score differs are all after the first throw and are as follows: keep 44, 55, 66 rather than 111, keep 4, 5 or 6 rather than 11, keep 6 rather than 22. Following the strategy to maximize the average score he will get a four-of-a-kind 27.74% of the time and score an average of 5.61.Full House A player will keep a Yahtzee or Full House. A Yahtzee will score 25 under the Joker rule, even though it is not strictly a full house. He will keep any four-of-a-kind, three-of-a-kind or pairs that are thrown and re-roll the others.

With two pairs he will keep both. On average he will succeed 36.61% of the time and score an average of 9.15.Small Straight The strategy is complicated by the fact that, because of the Joker rule, the player will score 30 if he gets a Yahtzee. Clearly he keeps any Small Straight or Yahtzee that he throws. After the first throw he will keep a run of 3 or 3 out of 4 (e.g. 124) if he has one.

Otherwise, he will keep a 3 or 4 (or both) and a 2 or 5 if he also has a 3 or 4 (e.g. With 11245 he will keep 24 but with 11255 he will keep nothing).

He will not keep just 2, 5 or 25. The only difference after the second throw is that he keeps 1111, 2222, 5555 and 6666 and will try to throw a Yahtzee unless the other die is a 3 or 4.On average he will succeed 61.60% of the time and score an average of 18.48.Large Straight Again the strategy is complicated by the fact that, because of the Joker rule, he will score 40 if he gets a Yahtzee. Clearly he will keep any Large Straight or Yahtzee that he throws. The best strategy is also to keep a four-of-a-kind and try to throw a Yahtzee, even after the first throw. The player should not keep a three-of-a-kind. Keep a small straight or 4 out of 5 (e.g. 1235) if he has one.

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Otherwise he should simply keep any 2, 3, 4 or 5 (just one of each), so that with 12256 he would keep 25.On average he will succeed 26.53% of the time and score an average of 10.61.Yahtzee A player should keep any Yahtzee, four-of-a-kind, three-of-a-kind or pair that is thrown and re-roll the others. On average he will succeed 4.60% of the time and score an average of 2.30.Chance To get the maximum average score the strategy is straightforward. After the first throw the player will keep any 5s and 6s. After the second throw he will keep any 4s, 5s, and 6s. On average he will score 23.33. Different strategies will be required when he needs to achieve a specific target.Optimal strategy The strategy for maximizing the score has been determined.

The average score when using this strategy is 254.59. This average is based on calculations using the 'free choice Joker rule'.It is important to note that the 'Optimal' strategy simply maximises the average score. It does not maximise the chances of winning a game. There are two main reasons for this.Firstly, the Optimal strategy takes no account of any opponents. In normal gameplay a player will adjust their strategy depending on the scores of the other player or players.Secondly, the Optimal strategy tends to give undue importance to Yahtzee bonuses. It is rare for a player without a Yahtzee bonus to beat a player with one.

So, in normal gameplay, a players' strategy is not significantly influenced by the value given for a Yahtzee bonus. Consider the situation where the Yahtzee bonus was worth a million rather than a hundred. It would not influence normal gameplay where the objective is to score more than the opponent.

It would, however, affect the 'Optimal' strategy since scoring a million would have a dramatic effect on the average score. The 'Optimal' strategy would be dominated by the prospect of a Yahtzee bonus. Even with a Yahtzee bonus worth 100 the 'Optimal' strategy tends to give too much importance to Yahtzee bonuses.Despite these limitations the 'Optimal' strategy does provide a useful guide as to the best strategy, especially in the early rounds. The 'Optimal' strategy for the first round is described in the next section. After the first round, the number of different games rapidly makes detailed analysis difficult but, in the early rounds, players generally simply adapt the first round strategy based on the boxes used. 1986 Travel YahtzeeSince the 1970s, Travel Yahtzee has been sold in various forms as part of Milton Bradley's line of travel games. In the past, the travel form of Yahtzee was composed of the five dice contained in a special apparatus (see image at the right).

'Rolling' the dice is initiated by turning the apparatus over, running it on one hand and turning the apparatus upright to see the faces of the dice. Dice to be saved for the next roll are locked by snapping the reverse of the apparatus. Currently, a zip-up cloth deluxe folio edition is sold. It consists of the set of dice, the cup, the scorecards, and a tray for the dice to roll on, which includes a holder for the dice to be saved for the next roll.

The cup has an oblong lip for easy storage. In addition to the game folio, Hasbro also released Yahtzee to Go. It comes with a dice cup that stores the dice & contents. This is similar to the original Travel Yahtzee only without the apparatus.

This is sold in tandem with the game folio. There also exists a red circular travel edition, which includes the dice and scorecards, as well as a collapsible cup and detachable dice holder.

The bottom half of the case acts as a dice tray. This one uses a different logo from the standard one (the name of the game in uppercase with an exclamation point in front of a green oval) and it is sold outside of the United States. There are also miniature versions of the game, sold in sets contained either in cups that act as keychains (by the company Basic Fun) or in specially shaped pens (by the company Stylus).Electronic versions Various Yahtzee console games have been sold over the years including an early version on the. In 1996, the game was first released to PC and Mac users. The Ultimate Yahtzee CD-ROM game contained standard Yahtzee as well as other varieties. Later, also released an authorized special version of the game for Windows users. It was re-released by in 2001 with 700 free hours of AOL.There are also several electronic versions of the game such as a handheld version, and a version called Yahtzee Deluxe, which feature the original rules along with Duplicate and Rainbow modes, as well as independently produced versions for the and and several cellphone models.

The version for the Nintendo Game Boy was licensed from Hasbro and was produced by DSI Games and Black Lantern Studios Inc. It was sold in a three pack that included, and Yahtzee. The game has also been released for the, and the, to be purchased through the, as well as Google Play. Both the and the are published.

Yahtzee is available on the in the game by Hasbro. Released a version in 2009, and the game is also available on the Pogo Facebook site as well.Related games. Main article:A number of related games under the Yahtzee brand have been produced. They all commonly use dice as the primary tool for gameplay, but all differ generally. The first was Triple Yahtzee, developed in 1972.

The game has inspired two short-lived: 1975's on and 1988's syndicated.Online versions There are a large number of versions of Yahtzee which can be played online or are available to download. 'Open Yahtzee' is a cross-platform open-source (free) version of Yahtzee for one player.

'YachtC' is a commercially available free app on the Google Play Store. It has 3 variations: The traditional version, a '7-sided' dice version called 'Lucky7', and a 'TriColor' version similar to Kismet Similar games There are a large number of related games. Is one of the most popular. Yatzy rules and scoring categories are somewhat different from Yahtzee:. The bonus for reaching 63 or more points in the Upper Section is normally 50 points.

There are two extra boxes for the 'One Pair' and 'Two Pair' categories. These score the total of the pair(s) involved. For instance, 5-5-4-4-1 will score 10 points in the One Pair box and 18 in the Two Pair box. In the Two Pair category, the pairs must be different. The Three-of-a-Kind and Four-of-a-Kind categories are scored using the total of the needed number of same-faced dice.

For instance, 5-5-5-5-6 will score 20 points in Four-of-a-Kind and 15 points in Three-of-a-Kind. This scoring rule is the same as the Four-of-a-Kind scoring used in. Full House scores the total of all dice, as in Yacht.

Small Straight and Large Straight have the same definitions as in Yacht. A Small Straight is 1-2-3-4-5 and scores 15 points (the total of the dice faces); the Large Straight is 2-3-4-5-6 and scores 20 points (again the combined value of the dice). There are no Yahtzee bonuses or Joker rule. Yahtzees can be scored in other categories under the normal scoring rules. For example, a Yahtzee of sixes will score 12 in the One Pair box, 18 in Three-of-a-Kind, 24 in Four-of-a-Kind, 30 in Sixes or Chance and 0 in Two Pair, Full House, Small Straight and Large Straight boxes.Other related games include:.

is the name of a Danish dice game played by expatriates in many countries all over the world. The name of the game is taken from eggs. has dice with multiple colors. Both numbers and colors are taken into account when scoring.

has several (usually 4) columns filled with special restrictions and MINIMAX categories with the bigger score if the higher is difference between min and max.In popular culture. This article appears to contain references to. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, to, rather than simply listing appearances. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2018). is a British video games critic who takes his pseudonym from the game.

Yahtzee has been cited as a precipitating factor in a case of domestic violence and as the motive for at least one murder. The word 'Yahtzee' has been used to exclaim excitement when a University of Kentucky football recruit commits to attending the school.See also.References. Coopee, Todd. ToyTales.ca. ^ Wood, Clement and Goddard, Gloria, The Complete Book of Games, Halcyon House, NY, 1938. Archived from on August 8, 2007.

Retrieved 2015-09-23. ^ (PDF).

Milton Bradley Company. Retrieved 2015-09-23.

^ Vancura, Olaf (2001). Advantage Yahtzee. Las Vegas: Huntington Press.

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^ Verhoeff, Tom (1999), (PDF), retrieved 2014-09-05. Richard A.

Epstein (28 December 2012). Academic Press. Retrieved 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-09-23.

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Retrieved 2015-09-23. Horwitz, Jeremy (February 18, 2008). Retrieved 2008-02-21. Cohen, Peter (February 16, 2008). Retrieved 2008-02-21. Retrieved 2015-09-23.

Yahtzee's equivalent articles in, and. Retrieved 2015-09-23. Hoffer, Steven (28 September 2011). Huffington Post.

Retrieved 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-09-23.External links.